2013년 11월 24일 일요일

About 'florida state university chemistry'|Requiring biology, chemistry AND physics for university admission – Is it nuts







About 'florida state university chemistry'|Requiring biology, chemistry AND physics for university admission – Is it nuts








Everyone               is               probably               familiar               with               the               concept               of               liquid               crystalline               displays,               even               if               they               don't               know               the               proper               name               for               the               technology.

If               you               have               a               desktop               calculator,               pull               it               out               real               quick;               see               the               gray               background               of               the               display,               with               the               solid               black               numbers               forming               the               readout?

That's               an               example               of               a               type               of               liquid               crystal               display,               which               is               made               up               of               electrochromic               compounds.

Liquid               crystals               are               a               strange               form               of               material               that               are               inbetween               a               liquid               and               a               solid.

Is               it               a               liquid,               or               is               it               a               solid?

The               answer               is               yes.

It               has               properties               of               being               a               liquid               and               it               also               has               properties               of               a               solid.

In               the               case               of               your               calculator,               we               have               a               compound               in               the               display               that               flows               like               a               liquid               but               also               has               three-dimensional               order,               like               a               solid.

The               compound               is               electrochromic,               meaning               that               it               changes               its               color               (chrom-               being               the               Greek               root               for               color)               in               response               to               the               flow               of               electricity.

When               the               power               is               on,               the               liquid               crystals               align               themselves               with               the               electromagnetic               field               and               appear               as               solid               black;               when               the               power               is               off,               the               three-dimensional               ordering               is               lost,               and               the               field               appears               colorless.

This               type               of               display               technology               is               very               cheap               and               has               been               known               for               many               years.

It's               found               its               way               into               wristwatches,               mp3               players,               and               just               about               every               other               type               of               personal               electronic               device.

However,               the               technology               has               two               fatal               flaws:               it's               bulky,               and               it's               brittle.

We               can't               really               envision               a               way               to               take               this               technology               and               make               it               as               thin               as               a               sheet               of               paper,               which               is               why               your               desktop               calculator               still               has               a               little               bit               of               thickness               to               it.

Also,               the               technology               requires               glass               and               also               metal               circuitry,               which               makes               it               brittle.

We               can't               produce               a               calculator               using               this               technology               that               you               can               fold               up               and               stick               into               your               back               pocket.

Even               an               accidental               drop               onto               a               hard               surface               is               enough               to               crack               the               screen               and               render               the               technology               useless.
               Isn't               it               time               for               a               change?

Isn't               it               time               we               broke               free               from               this               decades               old               technology               and               invented               a               display               that               was               both               paper-thin               and               also               flexible?

Chemists               at               the               University               of               Florida               certainly               think               so,               and               they               have               reported               in               a               recent               issue               of               Chemistry               of               Materials               (an               extremely               respected               science               journal               published               by               the               American               Chemical               Society)               that               they               have               succeeded.

Their               new               design               uses               the               latest               in               polymer               (plastic)               technology               to               produce               a               paperthin               display,               which               can               change               from               clear               to               multi-colored               to               opaque               with               just               a               tiny               trickle               of               electricity.
               This               new               technology               is               very               inexpensive,               and               starts               by               using               a               regular               inkjet               printer               to               spray               solutions               of               a               particular               organic               polymer               onto               the               surface               of               a               sheet               of               plastic.

These               plastic               slips               are               then               placed               on               top               of               each               other.

Each               layer               is               made               from               a               slightly               different               polymer               structure,               although               all               of               them               are               simply               variants               of               the               same               conductive               material               that               chemists               call               PEDOT               (a               thiophene,               or               sulfur-containing               polymer).

In               their               neutral,               unchanged               state,               one               polymer               is               green               in               color               and               the               other               one               is               a               rich               purple.

Combining               these               two               colors               (which               is               done               by               simply               laying               the               two               plastic               slips               on               top               of               each               other)               produces               a               black               color               to               the               eyes.
               Because               the               polymers               that               are               sprayed               onto               the               plastic               slips               are               electrically               conductive,               there               is               no               need               for               additional               circuity               or               metal               wires               to               carry               the               electric               current               needed               for               operation.

Passing               electricity               into               the               plastic               structure               reversibly               oxidises               the               materials,               which               instantly               switches               the               color               from               green               to               blue               and               back               again.

Other               polymers               can               be               switched               into               opaque               white               and               clear,               depending               on               the               molecular               structure               of               the               polymer.

By               combining               the               right               state               of               polymer               (oxidized               or               reduced)               with               the               right               overlapping               combination               of               clear               plastic               slips,               the               researchers               were               able               to               produce               a               variety               of               displays.

Anything               between               white               and               black               was               able               to               be               transmitted,               along               with               several               colors               such               as               blue,               green,               and               purple.

Importantly,               unlike               the               clunky               technology               used               for               your               desktop               calculator,               the               flow               of               electricity               to               the               polymer               induces               a               permanent               chemical               change.

Well,               permanent               until               you               apply               electricity               a               second               time               and               change               it,               at               any               rate.

This               means               that               you               don't               need               a               constant               flow               of               power               going               to               your               calculator               display.

You               only               need               a               short               burst               of               electricity               when               the               readout               changes;               otherwise,               the               battery               can               be               disconnected               and               the               data               will               still               be               there               on               the               page,               black               on               white.
               This               new               type               of               technology               is               so               incredibly               exciting               for               someone               like               myself,               a               person               who               has               worked               in               the               field               of               conjugated               (conductive)               polymers               for               so               many               years.

This               is               a               very               nice               advance               and               opens               up               technology               that               is               lightweight,               flexible,               cheap,               and               which               requires               only               a               fraction               of               the               power               that               its               predecessors               required.

True               "electronic               paper"               -               a               display               that               can               be               folded               up               and               stuck               in               a               desk               drawer,               that               isn't               brittle               and               which               only               takes               up               a               small               amount               of               space               and               a               tiny               amount               of               electricity.

Look               for               this               new               technology               to               sneak               its               way               onto               the               market               within               five               to               ten               years,               and               when               it               does,               it's               going               to               have               a               huge               impact.

I               can't               wait.
               Source:               http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cm902069k






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