About 'florida state university chemistry'|Requiring biology, chemistry AND physics for university admission – Is it nuts
Everyone is probably familiar with the concept of liquid crystalline displays, even if they don't know the proper name for the technology. If you have a desktop calculator, pull it out real quick; see the gray background of the display, with the solid black numbers forming the readout? That's an example of a type of liquid crystal display, which is made up of electrochromic compounds. Liquid crystals are a strange form of material that are inbetween a liquid and a solid. Is it a liquid, or is it a solid? The answer is yes. It has properties of being a liquid and it also has properties of a solid. In the case of your calculator, we have a compound in the display that flows like a liquid but also has three-dimensional order, like a solid. The compound is electrochromic, meaning that it changes its color (chrom- being the Greek root for color) in response to the flow of electricity. When the power is on, the liquid crystals align themselves with the electromagnetic field and appear as solid black; when the power is off, the three-dimensional ordering is lost, and the field appears colorless. This type of display technology is very cheap and has been known for many years. It's found its way into wristwatches, mp3 players, and just about every other type of personal electronic device. However, the technology has two fatal flaws: it's bulky, and it's brittle. We can't really envision a way to take this technology and make it as thin as a sheet of paper, which is why your desktop calculator still has a little bit of thickness to it. Also, the technology requires glass and also metal circuitry, which makes it brittle. We can't produce a calculator using this technology that you can fold up and stick into your back pocket. Even an accidental drop onto a hard surface is enough to crack the screen and render the technology useless. Isn't it time for a change? Isn't it time we broke free from this decades old technology and invented a display that was both paper-thin and also flexible? Chemists at the University of Florida certainly think so, and they have reported in a recent issue of Chemistry of Materials (an extremely respected science journal published by the American Chemical Society) that they have succeeded. Their new design uses the latest in polymer (plastic) technology to produce a paperthin display, which can change from clear to multi-colored to opaque with just a tiny trickle of electricity. This new technology is very inexpensive, and starts by using a regular inkjet printer to spray solutions of a particular organic polymer onto the surface of a sheet of plastic. These plastic slips are then placed on top of each other. Each layer is made from a slightly different polymer structure, although all of them are simply variants of the same conductive material that chemists call PEDOT (a thiophene, or sulfur-containing polymer). In their neutral, unchanged state, one polymer is green in color and the other one is a rich purple. Combining these two colors (which is done by simply laying the two plastic slips on top of each other) produces a black color to the eyes. Because the polymers that are sprayed onto the plastic slips are electrically conductive, there is no need for additional circuity or metal wires to carry the electric current needed for operation. Passing electricity into the plastic structure reversibly oxidises the materials, which instantly switches the color from green to blue and back again. Other polymers can be switched into opaque white and clear, depending on the molecular structure of the polymer. By combining the right state of polymer (oxidized or reduced) with the right overlapping combination of clear plastic slips, the researchers were able to produce a variety of displays. Anything between white and black was able to be transmitted, along with several colors such as blue, green, and purple. Importantly, unlike the clunky technology used for your desktop calculator, the flow of electricity to the polymer induces a permanent chemical change. Well, permanent until you apply electricity a second time and change it, at any rate. This means that you don't need a constant flow of power going to your calculator display. You only need a short burst of electricity when the readout changes; otherwise, the battery can be disconnected and the data will still be there on the page, black on white. This new type of technology is so incredibly exciting for someone like myself, a person who has worked in the field of conjugated (conductive) polymers for so many years. This is a very nice advance and opens up technology that is lightweight, flexible, cheap, and which requires only a fraction of the power that its predecessors required. True "electronic paper" - a display that can be folded up and stuck in a desk drawer, that isn't brittle and which only takes up a small amount of space and a tiny amount of electricity. Look for this new technology to sneak its way onto the market within five to ten years, and when it does, it's going to have a huge impact. I can't wait. Source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cm902069k |
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