레이블이 Economics of Florida인 게시물을 표시합니다. 모든 게시물 표시
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2013년 12월 4일 수요일

About 'florida state university economics'|Billionaire's role in hiring decisions at Florida State University raises questions







About 'florida state university economics'|Billionaire's role in hiring decisions at Florida State University raises questions








The               United               States               Food               and               Drug               Administration               estimates               more               than               35               million               head               of               cattle               are               raised               and               slaughtered               in               the               United               States               each               year.

Beef               cattle               send               to               feedlots               for               approximately               120               days               to               gain               weight               prior               to               slaughter.

According               to               US               Department               of               Agriculture               (USDA),               placements               in               feedlots               in               July               2006,               totaled               1.96               million,               17               percent               increase               from               July               2005,               and               14               percent               above               2004.

During               July               2006,               placement               of               cattle               and               calves               in               feedlots               weighted               less               than               600               pounds               were               570,000               head,               600               to               699               pounds               were               403,000               head,               700               to               799               pounds               were               490,000               head               and               800               pound               and               greater               were               500,000               head.

When               a               cow               or               calve               gets               sick,               remains               longer               at               a               feedlot,               until               it               regains               weight.

Some               experts               estimated               that               two               or               three               percent               of               beef               cattle               are               sick               at               any               given               time.

Identifying               a               sick               animal               is               the               responsibility               of               cowhands               that               ride               every               day,               through               feed               pens.

If               an               animals               is               identified,               by               a               runny               nose               or               watery               eyes,               would               be               removed               from               the               herd               and               taken               to               a               hospital               pen               to               be               given               medication               and               reduced               amount               of               food,               until               the               animal               is               restored               to               health.

One               of               the               major               health               concerns               related               to               cattle               is               preventing               or               diagnosing               immediately               mad               cow               disease               or               Bovine               Spongiform               Encephalopathy               (BSE),               a               slowly               progressive,               degenerative               fatal               disease,               affecting               the               central               nervous               system               of               adult               cattle.

The               United               States               Department               of               Agriculture               immediately               requires               the               cow's               meat               not               enter               the               food               supply               and               /               or               traced               from               the               marketplace.

Eating               meat               from               a               BSE               -               infected               beef,               a               person               is               at               high               risk               to               get               human               form               of               BSE               called               Creutzfeldt-Jakob               (CJD),               which               invariably               is               a               fatal               brain               disorder.

In               2003,               exports               of               American               beef               worth               $3.9               billion               subsequently,               Japan               worth               is               $1.4               billion.

Worldwide               the               United               States               exports               beef               to               69               countries,               not               including               Japan.

Greatest               concern               of               beef               industry,               identify               as               soon               as               possible               a               cow               identified               with               mad               cow               disease               and               quickly               identify               any               animals               that               are               sick,               which               need               to               be               destroyed               or               provide               treatment.

A               new               technology               is               available               to               identify               sick               animals               sooner               then               previously               possible,               and               knowing               their               location.
               In               2003,               TeKVet               (formerly               COLT               Technologies),               LLC               was               formed               through               a               privately               held               Utah               -               based               developer               and               manufacturer               of               agricultural               technologies.

The               company               object,               develop               for               the               livestock               industry,               a               wireless               technology               that               would               lower               production               costs,               increase               profits               and               improve               product               safety.

TekVet               created               a               wireless               ear               tag               (Similar               to               tags               used               by               beef               producers,               ranchers               and               dairy               farmers.),               the               TekVet               SmartSensor(TM),               contains               a               digital               thermometer               and               computer               chip               that               livestock               managers               can               continually               monitor               their               animals.

The               information               gathered               includes               a               digital               core               temperature               (Cattle               body               temperature               safely               vary:               From               99.5               -               103.5               degrees               Fahrenheit.),               determines               which               animals               might               be               getting               sick               (Flexible               thermometer               is               inserted               into               the               ear               canal.

It's               plastic               housing               offers               durability               and               made               waterproof.)               thus               preventing               contamination               of               other               animals.

According               to               DeeVon               Bailey,               a               USU               professor               of               agricultural               economics               stated               (Internet               IPCommunications.com               Article               dated               July               10,               2006:               "Ear               sensor               tracks               health               of               cattle):               "Core               body               temperature               is               the               best               indicator               of               health               in               most               large               animals."               Also,               information               provides               animal's               location.

The               information               transmitted               by               a               sensor:               The               identification               number               and               core               temperature               data,               a               computer               receives               (Keeping               track               of               historical               information.)               for               each               animal               within               a               range               every               hour.

Each               transmission               has               a               range               of               300               to               500               feet               (Within               the               418Mhz               range).

The               Federal               Communication               Commission               approved               the               data               transmission               for               TekVet               system.

The               data               collected               can               be               used               for               trend               analysis               to               increase               herd               productivity,               reduce               overall               death               toll               and               upload               to               the               TekVet               SmartNework               Operation               Center(TM),               where               the               data               is               compiled               and               made               available               (Utilizing               SmartManagement               software)               for               accessing               by               producers               via               the               Internet.

Detecting               illnesses               more               quickly               helps               producers               use               fewer               antibiotics               and               reduces               consumers               concern               regarding               the               use               of               antibiotics               in               cattle.
               In               July               2006,               TekVet               announced               outfitted               a               more               rugged               design               and               longer               lasting               battery,               specifically               designed               for               multiple               use               applications               over               a               two               -               year               period.

The               cost               per               unit               is               $20               each.

Each               unit               is               capable               of               being               used               for               up               two               years               and               as               many               as               six               different               animals,               during               that               time               or               multiple               applications.

The               amortized               cost               during               the               two               -               period               per               animal               is               $3.30               or               lower.
               
               In               May               2006,               TekVet               signed               deals               to               begin,               deploying               the               TekVet               System               to               major               feedlot               operations               in               Nebraska,               Texas,               Oklahoma,               Utah,               and               several               foreign               producers.

The               company               is               seeking               to               partner               with               several               universities               and               research               institutions               to               explore               potential               applications               of               the               product.

Already,               entered               into               a               partnership               with               Utah               State               University.

Beginning               in               September               2006,               the               University               will               deploy               the               devices               on               both               dairy               and               beef               cattle.

TekVet               System               signed               a               five               year               contract               to               outsource               manufacturing               to               Nationwide               Electronics               Incorporated,               a               Florida               based               company,               produce               more               than               five               million               sensors               during               the               first               six               months               of               the               agreement.

Also,               TekVet               initiated               a               grant               program,               providing               free               TekVet               Systems               to               eligible               educational               and               nonprofit               institutions.
               Future               upgrade               of               TekVet               system               includes               monitoring               blood               pressure,               heart               rate               and               other               vital               signs.

The               company               is               considering               advertising               TekVet               technology               labeled               in               supermarkets.

The               information               made               available               to               benefit               consumers               includes,               identification               code               on               each               meat               package,               allowing               the               buyer               to               enter               the               code               online               and               trace               the               history               of               the               animal               from               any               particular               cut               of               meat.
               Tekvet,               LCC               appointed               Scott               Van               Orman               as               director               of               Japanese               operations.

The               company               launched               a               major               marketing               and               advertising               campaign               to               educate               Japanese               consumers               the               benefits               of               beef,               providing               a               method               for               tracking,               tracing               and               monitoring               the               health               of               cattle,               by               its               TakVet               System.

Considering               the               concerns               the               Japanese               people               have               preventing               and               prohibiting               any               mad               cow               products               entering               into               their               food               chain.
               
               For               more               information               on               TekVet               Systems,               contact:               http://www.tek.com/               or               call               
               801               -               335               -               0500






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    Bowie               Kuhn               was               Commissioner               of               Major               League               Baseball               (MLB)               from               1969-1984,               a               generation               that               arguably               is               the               most               important               epoch               in               the               game               known               as               "American's               Pastime."               As               commissioner,               Kuhn               oversaw               the               volatile               era               in               which               baseball's               century-old               reserve               clause               was               terminated               and               free               agency               was               inaugurated.

    It               was               a               time               in               which               the               top               player               salaries               increased               by               a               factor               of               ten,               the               designated               hitter               was               introduced               into               the               American               League               to               boost               attendance,               and               both               leagues               went               through               expansion,               boosting               the               number               of               teams               from               20               to               26,               to               facilitate               the               introduction               of               a               two-tiered               playoff               system.
    Bowie               Kuhn,               despite               being               viciously               criticized               by               baseball               team               owners,               the               players,               their               union,               as               well               as               by               fans               and               sportswriters,               was               head               to               toe               a               baseball               man.

    Before               he               was               appointed               commissioner               by               MLB               owners,               he               served               as               the               National               League               and               MLB               legal               counsel               for               almost               20               years.

    At               the               beginning               of               Kuhn's               reign,               baseball               was               denigrated               as               walking               corpse,               overshadowed               by               the               National               Football               League.

    Its               sobriquet               "American's               Pastime"               was               becoming               a               joke.

    The               sport               was               criticized               as               too               conservative,               and               out               of               touch               with               the               times.
                   Under               Kuhn's               commissionership,               owners               managed               to               continue               their               suzerainty               over               the               sport,               but               on               less               advantageous               terms               than               in               the               past.

    Forty               years               after               the               implementation               of               the               New               Deal,               professional               baseball               was               brought               kicking               and               screaming               into               the               20th               Century,               in               terms               of               labor               relations               .

    However,               the               sport               was               racked               by               a               lockout               in               1972               and               a               strike               in               1981,               both               of               which               shaved               many               games               off               of               their               respectively               seasons.
                   Because               of               the               militancy               of               the               baseball               players               union,               a               new               strike               was               feared.

    After               the               '81               baseball               strike,               Kuhn               became               the               scapegoat               for               many,               for               his               perceived               failure               in               doing               enough               to               forestall               the               strike,               or               getting               it               settled               on               terms               more               favorable               to               the               owners.
                   When               Bowie               Kuhn               was               unceremoniously               retired               by               the               owners               he               had               served               for               four               decades,               attendance               was               booming,               having               reached               record               levels.

    For               the               baseball               owners,               it               was               not               enough.
                   Baseball's               Lawyer
                   Bowie               Kuhn               was               born               in               Takoma               Park,               Maryland               on               October               28,               1926               and               raised               in               Washington,               D.C.,               the               son               of               Louis               Kuhn,               a               German               immigrant               who               was               an               executive               with               a               fuel               company.

    Bowie               Kuhn               got               his               Christian               name               from               his               mother               Alice,               who               was               a               descendant               of               the               legendary               Jim               Bowie,               who               died               at               the               Alamo.

    Her               family               had               been               in               Maryland               since               the               1600s,               and               Kuhn               could               count               five               governors               and               two               U.S.

    Senators               among               his               ancestors.
                   The               young               Bowie               Kuhn's               first               job               in               baseball               was               when               he               was               paid               a               dollar               a               day               operating               the               scoreboard               at               Griffith               Stadium               for               the               Senators,               Washington,               D.C.'s               pro               baseball               franchise.

    The               hapless               Senators               gave               rise               to               the               slogan,               "Washington:               First               in               war,               first               in               peace,               and               last               in               the               American               League."
                   During               World               War               II,               Kuhn               attended               Franklin               and               Marshall               College               as               part               of               the               Navy's               officer               training               program.

    With               the               end               of               the               War,               he               transferred               to               Princeton               University,               where               he               took               his               degree               in               economics,               graduating               with               honors               in               1947.

    Kuhn               then               studied               law               at               the               University               of               Virginia               Law               School,               from               which               he               graduated               in               1950.
                   The               newly               minted               law               school               graduate               accepted               an               offer               from               the               New               York               law               firm               Willkie,               Farr               &               Gallagher.

    He               reportedly               chose               the               "white               shoe"               law               firm               that               counted               former               New               York               Governor               Thomas               Dewey               (the               Republican               Party's               Presidential               nominee               in               1944               and               '48)               as               one               of               its               senior               partners               not               due               to               its               distinguished               reputation,               but               because               it               represented               the               National               League.
                   Bowie               Kuhn               made               his               name               and               assured               his               position               as               a               valuable               asset               to               baseball's               owners               when               he               successfully               defended               MLB               in               an               antitrust               lawsuit               the               State               of               Wisconsin               filed               to               stop               the               Milwaukee               Braves               from               moving               to               Atlanta               after               the               1965               season.

    (The               Braves,               which               are               the               oldest               professional               baseball               team               in               terms               of               continuity,               left               Boston               after               the               1952               season               after               playing               in               that               city               since               the               founding               of               the               National               League               in               1876.)               Neither               Kuhn               or               the               owners               may               have               known               it,               but               the               MLB               layer               was               on               his               way               to               the               top.
                   Baseball               in               the               1960s
                   The               1960s               were               a               revolutionary               time,               not               only               in               America               as               a               whole               but               for               baseball,               too.

    The               National               League,               which               (like               its               junior               partner,               the               American               League)               had               consisted               of               eight               teams               during               the               entire               20th               Century,               decided               to               expand               to               10               teams               in               1960.
                   In               the               late               1950s,               there               had               been               plans               for               a               third               professional               baseball               league,               the               Continental               League,               which               would               bring               baseball               to               the               major               cities               of               America               that               did               not               have               a               team.

    The               National               League               owners,               led               by               Los               Angeles               Dodgers               owner               Walter               O'Malley               (who               had               brought               professional               baseball               to               the               West               Coast),               decided               to               outflank               the               Continental               League               (and               the               American               League,               too)               by               putting               new               franchises               in               New               York               City               and               Houston,               Texas               (the               latter               a               prime               potential               Continental               League               franchise)               for               1962.
                   The               American               League               reacted               by               expanding               to               10               teams               in               1961.

    The               A.L.,               lacking               a               dominant               owner               as               did               the               N.L.,               went               about               expansion               in               a               haphazard               way.

    The               junior               circuit               decided               to               put               a               franchise               in               Los               Angeles,               thus               invading               Walter               O'Malley's               territory,               and               a               new               franchise               in               Minneapolis,               Minnesota,               another               prime               potential               Continental               League               city.
                   Washington               Senators               owner               Clark               Griffith               decided               he               wanted               the               Minneapolis/St.

    Paul               (The               Twin               Cities)               market               for               himself.

    Granted               the               franchise,               the               A.L.

    decided               to               put               its               other               expansion               franchise               in               Washington,               D.C.,               so               as               not               to               anger               Congress,               which               had               recently               investigated               Major               League               Baseball.
                   Evoking               territorial               rights,               Walter               O'Malley               forced               a               new               ownership               team               led               by               his               friend               Gene               Autry,               the               cowboy               movie               and               singing               star,               on               the               American               League.

    The               A.L.

    caved               in,               and               Autry               ceded               the               TV               rights               to               the               new               Los               Angeles               Angels               team               to               O'Malley               for               several               years               (even               though               he               owned               his               own               TV               station,               one               of               the               reasons               he               was               interested               in               acquiring               the               A.L.

    franchise,               so               he               could               broadcast               the               games)               and               agreed               to               play               for               several               seasons               in               the               Dodgers'               new               stadium,               which               was               to               be               built               in               Chavez               Ravine.
                   Ford               Frick,               the               fourth               commissioner               of               baseball,               was               revealed               as               nothing               more               than               a               puppet               of               O'Malley.

    The               American               League               expansion               in               1961               was               a               botch,               which               led               to               an               explosion               in               offensive               statistics,               the               most               famous               manifestation               of               which               was               Roger               Maris               hitting               61               home               runs.

    (Frick,               who               had               been               Babe               Ruth's               ghost-writer,               put               an               asterix               on               Maris'               record               and               on               all               the               other               records               set               in               1961               and               in               1962               in               the               National               League,               such               as               Dodger               Maury               Wills'               new               stolen               bases               record.)
                   The               National               League               expansion               was               more               orderly,               as               the               new               teams               had               time               to               establish               themselves,               but               it               alos               had               its               embarassments.

    While               the               Houston               Astros               did               not               embarass               themselves,               the               New               York               Mets               set               a               record               of               futility               in               the               20th               Century,               losting               120               games.
                   In               order               to               correct               the               balance               of               the               game,               the               pitcher's               mound               was               raised,               which               meant               by               1968,               "The               Year               of               the               Pitcher,"               offense               (a               feature               of               the               game               that               is               directly               correlated               with               higher               attendane)               was               being               stifled.

    That               would               be               corrected               in               1969,               another               expansion               year               when               both               leagues               added               two               more               teams               and               split               into               two               divisions,               when               the               pitcher's               mound               was               lowered.
                   The               decade               of               the               1960s               also               was               characterized               by               the               increased               integration               of               baseball.

    The               American               League,               which               had               lagged               behind               the               National               League               in               bringing               in               African               American               players,               improved               marginally               in               its               recruitment               of               minority               ballplayers.

    The               N.L.,               meanwhile,               increased               the               numbers               of               its               African               American               and               Latino               players.

    It               became               the               dominant               league               in               the               1960s,               as               its               All-Star               squads               continually               defeated               the               best               from               the               less-integrated               A.L.
                   (To               boost               its               offense               and               attendance,               the               American               League               would               adopt               the               designated               hitter               rule               in               1973,               allowing               a               batter               to               hit               in               place               of               the               pitcher.

    Ironically,               the               D.H.

    was               first               proposed               by               the               National               League               back               in               the               1930s,               when               it               was               lagging               the               A.L.

    in               attendance               due               to               the               preponderance               of               popular,               crowd               pleasing               Babe               Ruth-style               power               hitters               --               including               the               Babe               himself               --               in               the               junior               circuit.)
                   Interim               Commissioner
                   The               aging               Ford               Frick               was               not               tendered               a               new               contract               when               his               second               term               as               commissioner               expired               in               1965.

    The               MLB               owners               instead               improbably               hired               Air               Force               Lieutenant               General               William               Eckert               to               be               the               fourth               commissioner               of               baseball,               even               though               he               had               little               knowledge               of               baseball.

    The               owners,               frankly,               were               looking               for               a               puppet,               so               they               gave               Eckert               a               seven-year               contract.
                   After               the               1968               season,               MLB               owners,               marshaled               by               Dodgers               owner               Walter               O'Malley               (now               the               most               powerful               man               in               baseball)               decided               to               forced               out               Eckert,               whose               inexperience               was               now               considered               a               hindrance.

    Eckert               wasn't               savvy               about               MLB               politics.

    Baseball               was               controlled               by               O'Malley               and               a               few               owners,               who               wielded               an               inordinate               amount               of               influence               over               the               game.

    The               owners               were               absolutely               opposed               to               the               fledgling               baseball               players               union               that               had               hired               United               Steelworkers'               economist               Marvin               Miller               as               its               president               in               1966.
                   Marvin               Miller,               a               veteran               of               the               labor               wars,               was               determined               to               make               the               Major               League               Players               Association               into               a               bona               fide               union.

    The               owners,               who               considered               their               players               chattel               and               were               backed               up               by               two               Supreme               Court               decisions               that               upheld               baseball's               reserve               clause               under               the               legal               fiction               that               MLB               was               a               sport,               and               not               an               industry,               were               determined               to               oppose               him.
                   They               did               not               trust               Eckert,               that               he               could               handle               Miller               and               the               union.

    The               courts,               under               the               liberalizing               influence               of               the               Warren               Court,               could               prove               tricky.

    Bowie               Kuhn               had               successfully               defended               MLB               against               the               State               of               Wisconsin               in               the               shift               of               the               Braves               franchise,               but               such               success               in               the               future               couldn't               be               assured               in               such               revolutionary               times.

    (It               transpired               that               the               U.S.

    Supreme               Court,               under               its               new               chief               justice,               Warren               Burger,               proved               to               be               as               friendly               to               baseball               as               past               courts               had               been,               upholding               the               reserve               clause               in               the               1971               Curt               Flood               decision.)
                   General               Eckert               was               forced               to               resign               and               Bowie               Kuhn               was               appointed               interim               Commissioner,               assuming               office               on               February               4,               1969.The               owners               would               fail               to               keep               the               player's               union               impotent,               and               as               Commissioner,               Kuhn               oversee               a               major               work               stoppage               in               1972               and               the               first               strike               to               hit               organized               sports               in               1981.
                   The               Fifth               Commissioner
                   At               the               time               of               Bowie               Kuhn               assuming               the               post               of               commissioner               (he               was               confirmed               as               the               fifth               commissioner               in               1970,               and               given               a               long-term               contract),               many               observers               complained               that               baseball               was               too               old-fashioned               for               the               Swinging               Sixties,               a               decade               which               saw               the               National               Football               League               seriously               challenge               baseball's               primacy               as               "America's               past-time.
                   Unlike               the               slow,               stately               paced               baseball,               football               was               television               friendly,               and               it               was               television               that               pushed               the               sport               to               unprecedented               levels               of               popularity               in               the               1960s.

    Football               overcame               baseball               as               the               "With               it"               sport               as               it               featured               violence               that               could               be               shot               from               many               angles,               with               plays               slowed               down               and               instantly               replayed               for               a               mass               audience               (many               of               whom               had               bet               on               the               outcome               of               games).
                   However,               by               the               time               Bowie               Kuhn               left               office               on               September               30,               1984,               baseball               was               enjoying               its               greatest               popularity,               with               attendance               up               from               23               million               in               1968               to               45.5               million               in               1983               and               money               television               contracts               having               vastly               expanded               during               the               same               time               frame.
                   Strike
                   In               1972,               the               first               strike               in               baseball               occurred.

    The               players'               union,               the               Major               League               Baseball               Players               Association               MLBPA),               had               the               players               go               out               on               strike               on               opening               day,               April               1st.

    The               strike               lasted               13               days,               ending               on               April               13th,               resulting               on               the               cancellation               of               86               games.

    The               games               were               never               made               up,               as               the               owners               refused               to               pay               the               players               for               the               games               missed.
                   The               1972               strike               created               a               highly               unusual               schedule,               as               different               teams               played               different               numbers               of               games.

    The               Boston               Red               Sox               lost               the               American               League               East               pennant               to               the               Detroit               Tigers               by               half-a-game,               as               the               BoSox               had               played               one               game               less               than               Detroit.
                   The               MLBPA               originally               had               been               formed               primarily               to               lobby               the               owners               for               higher               contributions               to               their               pension               fund.

    Marvin               Miller               made               it               into               a               real               union,               when               he               took               over               in               1966.

    The               '72               strike               was               settled               when               the               owners               agreed               to               put               $500,000               into               the               players'               pension               fund               and               permitted               salary               arbitration.
                   The               1981               strike               would               prove               more               acrimonious.


                   
                   Free               Agency
                   It               was               during               Bowie               Kuhn's               commissionership               that               the               reserve               clause,               the               contract               language               that               was               found               by               the               courts               to               bind               a               player               to               one               team               in               perpetuity,               was               finally               overthrown,               by               a               mediator's               decision               (the               Messersmith               decision,               in               1976).

    Free               agency               came               to               baseball,               and               rather               than               ruin               the               sport,               as               was               predicted               by               tight-fisted               owners               and               by               Bowie               Kuhn               himself,               it               actually               helped               baseball               flourish,               by               allowing               teams               with               needs               to               gain               access               to               quality               players.
                   Unlike               the               New               York               Yankees               dynasties               of               the               1920s,               '30s,               '40s,               '50s,               early               '60s,               and               late               '70s,               baseball               from               the               time               the               New               York               Yankees               repeated               as               World               Series               champs               in               1977               and               '78               (free               agency               debuted               with               the               1977               season)               did               not               have               a               repeat               champion               until               the               Toronto               Blue               Jays               of               1992               and               '93.

    Many               more               teams               went               to               the               play-offs               and               the               World               Series,               and               baseball               under               free               agency               underwent               a               surge               in               popularity.
                   Many               owners               were               mad               at               Kuhn               at               the               end               of               his               first               term               as               commissioner,               which               coincided               with               the               advent               of               free               agency.

    However,               Dodgers               owner               Walter               O'Malley               managed               to               rally               owners               behind               the               fifth               commissioner,               which               effectively               quash               the               "Dump               Bowie"               movement.

    He               was               given               a               second,               seven-year               contract               as               commissioner               in               1977.
                   1981               Strike               
                   
                   The               Collective               Bargaining               Agreement               that               governed               MLB's               labor               relations               was               set               to               expire               in               1981,               and               the               decided               to               take               a               hard-line.

    They               wanted               a               roll-back               of               free               agency.

    In               preparation               for               for               an               anticipated               strike,               the               owners               took               out               an               insurance               policy               to               cover               them               for               losses.
                   The               MLBPA               went               out               on               strike               on               June               12,               1981,               and               the               players               did               not               go               back               to               work               until               August               9th,               after               a               settlement               was               reached               on               July               31st.

    The               negotiations               had               been               extremely               bitter,               but               the               union               decided               to               give               the               owners               a               minor               victory               by               mandating               a               minimum               of               six               years               in               the               major               leagues               as               a               prerequisite               for               free               agency.

    They               also               allowed               owners               who               lost               a               "premium"               free               agent               to               have               a               player               from               a               list               of               unprotected               players               from               all               MLB               clubs               as               compensation.
                   The               strike               wiped               out               713               games,               representing               38%               of               the               entire               season.

    The               losses               to               both               sides               and               parties               connected               to               the               baseball               business               such               as               radio               and               TV               broadcasters               totaled               $146               million.

    The               owners'               loss               was               $72               million.

    Reportedly,               the               owners               gave               in               when               their               insurance               coverage               had               run               out.
                   Bowie               Kuhn               was               heavily               criticized               for               not               doing               more               to               prevent               the               strike,               or               once               it               was               underway,               to               stop               it.

    Red               Smith,               the               Pulitzer               Prize-winning               sportswrtier               who               received               the               J.

    G.

    Taylor               Spink               Award               from               the               Baseball               Hall               of               Fame,               said               of               the               commissioner,               "this               strike               wouldn't               have               happened               if               Bowie               Kuhn               were               alive               today."
                   The               owners               were               dissatisfied               with               the               outcome               of               the               1981               strike,               as               it               did               not               put               a               brake               on               spiraling               player               salaries.

    Kuhn's               lack               of               decisiveness               during               the               strike,               his               lack               of               utility               in               curbing               the               union,               plus               his               public               positioning               of               himself               as               a               commissioner               representing               equally               the               owners,               the               players               and               the               fans               (while               in               fact,               serving               as               a               dogsbody               for               the               owners)               eroded               the               owners'               respect               for               him.

    The               '81               strike               likely               doomed               his               dream               of               becoming               a               three-term               commissioner.


                   
                   Disciplinarian
                   Bowie               Kuhn               proved               to               be               a               firm               commissioner               when               it               came               to               matters               of               discipline               with               both               players               and               owners,               though               he               was               criticized               by               the               players               for               serving               the               best               interests               of               the               owners               (which               was               natural,               the               Commissioner               being               appointed               by               and               serving               at               the               pleasure               of               MLB's               owners).

    During               his               tenure,               he               suspended               numerous               players               for               drug               involvement               and               barred               both               Willie               Mays               (in               1979)               and
                   Mickey               Mantle               (in               1983)               from               the               sport               due               to               their               involvement               in               casino               promotion.

    (Both               superstars               subsequently               were               reinstated               by               Kuhn's               successor,               Peter               Ueberroth,               after               he               assumed               the               post               of               commissioner               in               1985).

    He               also               levied               the               first               suspension               of               New               York               Yankees               owner               George               Steinbrenner,               after               "The               Boss"               was               convicted               of               making               illegal               campaign               contribution               to               President               Richard               M.

    Nixon's               reelection               campaign.

    (Steinbrenner               felt               he               was               unfairly               treated               as               he,               a               ship               builder               dependent               upon               government               contracts               and               a               member               of               the               Democratic               Party               to               boot,               had               been               shaken               down               by               the               corrupt               President.)
                   Oakland               A's               owner               Charles               O.

    Finley               also               incurred               the               Wrath               of               Kuhn.

    It               had               been               Finley's               idea               to               stage               World               Series               games               at               night               so               that               they               could               attract               a               larger               TV               audience,               an               innovation               first               implemented               in               1971.

    Finley               didn't               like               it               that               Kuhn               seemingly               was               credited               with               his               idea.
                   Finley               proved               a               major               embarrassment               to               baseball               (both               as               sport               and               business)               when               he               forced               second               baseman               Mike               Andrews               to               sign               a               false               affidavit               saying               he               was               injured               after               he               committed               two               consecutive               errors               in               the               12th               inning               of               Oakland's               Game               2               loss               to               the               New               York               Mets               during               the               1973               World               Series.

    After               A's               manager               Dick               Williams               and               A's               players               led               by               team               captain               Sal               Bando               rallied               to               Andrew's               defense,               Kuhn               forced               Finley               to               reinstate               Andrews.
                   In               1976,               when               Finley               --               in               reaction               to               the               imposition               of               free               agency               in               baseball               that               would               "free               the               slaves"               and               fatten               the               bank               accounts               of               Mercedes               dealers               beginning               with               the               end               of               the               1976               season               --               attempted               to               sell               several               players               who               were               potential               free               agents               to               the               Boston               Red               Sox               and               New               York               Yankees               for               $3.5               million,               Kuhn               blocked               the               deals               on               the               grounds               that               they               would               be               bad               for               the               game.
                   Baseball's               First               Drug               Scandal
                   Towards               the               end               of               Bowie               Kuhn's               commissionership,               four               players               from               the               Kansas               City               Royals               were               found               guilty               of               cocaine               use               in               1983.

    In               addition,               established               stars               as               Ferguson               Jenkins,               Keith               Hernandez,               Dave               Parker,               and               Dale               Berra               admitted               to               having               problems               with               drugs.

    The               drug               mess               threatened               to               tarnish               the               image               of               baseball,               but               Kuhn               was               very               firm               in               disciplining               players               who               abused               drugs               (in               contrast               to               current               Commissioner               Bud               Selig,               who               ignored               the               steroids/performance-enhancing               drugs               problem               as               the               unprecedented               numbers               of               home               runs               hit               by               artificially               bulked               up               players               was               deemed               good               for               business).
                   Bowie               Kuhn               was               both               praised               and               attacked               for               his               firm               stand               against               offenders,               and               he               also               had               antagonized               some               owners               over               his               ineffectual               leadership               during               the               1981               baseball               strike,               which               ended               with               a               clear               victory               for               the               players               union.

    In               1982,               some               of               the               owners               organized               a               move               to               push               him               out               of               office.
                   In               1983,               Kuhn               and               his               supporters               made               a               last-ditch               effort               to               renew               his               contract               but               ultimately               failed               as               many               MLB               owners               didn't               think               he               could               handle               an               upcoming               work               stoppage               by               the               players               union.

    It               was               announced               that               he               was               to               be               replaced               with               businessman               and               1984               Los               Angeles               Olympics               organizer               Peter               Ueberroth               after               the               1984               regular               season.
                   Legacy
                   A               lifelong               baseball               fan,               Bowie               Kuhn               was               a               conservative,               or               as               others               would               put               it,               a               baseball               purist.

    He               did               what               he               could               to               maintain               the               balance               of               the               game               between               hitter               and               pitcher,               though               ironically,               his               commissionership               did               see               the               introduction               of               the               designated               hitter               rule               in               the               American               League.
                   He               was               unable               to               maintain               the               imbalance               of               power               between               owners               and               players,               however,               and               for               that,               he               was               let               go.
                   Kuhn               said,               "I               believe               in               the               Rip               Van               Winkle               Theory:               that               a               man               from               1910               must               be               able               to               wake               up               after               being               asleep               for               70               years,               walk               into               a               ballpark               and               understand               baseball               perfectly."
                   Peter               O'Malley,               the               Los               Angeles               Dodgers               and               son               of               Walter               O'Malley,               the               man               who               helped               make               Kuhn               commissioner,               paid               tribute               to               him               as               his               last               term               was               nearing               its               end..
                   "His               support               of               the               integrity               of               the               game               was               excellent,"               O'Malley               said.

    "The               game               has               never               been               more               popular."
                   A               game               derided               as               a               "leaping               corpse"               (in               baseball               writer               Roger               Angel's               memorable               phrase)               when               he               became               commissioner               has               reestablished               itself               as               "America's               Past               Time"               by               the               time               he               left               it.
                   Post-Baseball               Career
                   Following               his               service               as               the               czar               of               baseball,               Bowie               Kuhn               returned               to               the               law               firm               of               Willkie               Farr               &               Gallagher.

    He               also               was               named               President               of               the               Kent               Group,               a               business,               sports               and               financial               consulting               firm.

    A               Roman               Catholic,               Kuhn               became               an               adviser               and               board               member               for               Domino's               Pizza               owner               Tom               Monaghan's               Ave               Maria               Foundation.

    He               served               as               Chairman               of               the               Catholic               Advisory               Board               of               the               Ave               Maria               Mutual               Funds               since               the               inception               of               their               first               mutual               fund,               Ave               Maria               Catholic               Values               Fund,               in               2001.
                   Kuhn               and               lawyer               Harvey               D.

    Myerson               formed               the               firm               of               Myerson               and               Kuhn,               which               eventually               declared               bankruptcy.

    He               died               on               March               15,               2007               in               Jacksonville,               Florida               from               pneumonia.
                   Hall               of               Fame
                   Bowie               Kuhn               unsuccessfully               lobbied               for               a               third               term               as               commissioner,               not               wanting               to               relinquish               the               game               he               loved               so               much,               and               for               so               long.

    Speaking               of               the               next               commissioner,               he               said               that               he               should               resist               the               pressures               of               owners               and               other               interests               to               sell-out               the               best               interests               of               baseball,               which               at               its               heart,               was               the               baseball               fan.
                   Speaking               to               the               New               York               Times               in               1984,               Bowie               Kuhn               said               of               the               next               commissioner,               "He               should               tell               the               compromisers               to               get               lost.

    They               are               burglars               of               our               patrimony.

    They               will               never               understand               the               threat               to               baseball               posed               by               such               things               as               legalized               gambling,               sports               betting,               drug               abuse               and               undesirable               associations.

    He               should               use               his               powers               fearlessly               to               protect               the               integrity               of               the               game.

    The               critics               will               call               him               self-righteous               and               moralistic.

    Have               courage.

    Ignore               them."
                   It               is               sage               advice               that               Bud               Selig,               the               seventh               commissioner               of               baseball,               has               ignored.
                   Nine               months               after               his               death,               Bowie               Kuhn               was               voted               into               the               National               Baseball               Hall               of               Fame               in               Cooperstown,               New               York               by               the               Veterans               Committee,               by               a               vote               of               10               to               2.

    (Fittingly,               Dodgers               owner               Walter               O'Malley               was               voted               in               that               year,               too,               by               a               vote               of               9               to               3.

    Marvin               Miller,               the               labor               boss               who               changed               baseball               and               who               proved               to               be               Kuhn's               nemesis,               did               not               make               it.)
                   The               New               York               Times               quoted               Philadelphia               Phillies               co-owner               Bill               Giles,               a               member               of               the               Veterans               Committee               whose               father               had               been               the               President               of               the               National               League,               for               the               reasoning               behind               Kuhn's               inclusion               in               baseball's               ultimate               shrine.

    It               was               Giles               and               former               American               League               President               Bobby               Brown               who               had               pushed               for               Kuhn's               enshrinement.
                   "He               was               really               for               the               fan....

    Bowie               kept               saying,               'We               have               to               keep               the               fans               foremost               in               our               thinking.'               He               honestly               loved               the               game."
                   
                   Note:               An               earlier               version               of               this               biography               originally               appeared               on               the               Internet               Movie               Database
                   Sources:
                   BaseballLibrary.com,               Bowie               Kuhn
                   New               York               Times,               "Bowie               Kuhn,               80,               Former               Baseball               Commissioner,               Dies"
                   Washington               Post,               "Without               Playing               Politics,               Kuhn               Governed               the               Game               Well"               by               Thomas               Boswell






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