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2013년 11월 24일 일요일

About 'address of florida state university'|Day 7: Visit the Florida State University campus







About 'address of florida state university'|Day 7: Visit the Florida State University campus








Intellectual               reformers               have               been               much               maligned               in               American               history               because               of               their               solitude.

Political               and               social               philosophers               rarely               step               into               the               realm               of               American               politics               and               succeed               even               less               frequently.

These               social               well-wishers               are               typically               quiet,               bookish               types               and,               because               of               their               years               in               literary               and               academic               circles,               deal               in               ideas               instead               of               reality.

These               faults               are               typically               beyond               the               comprehension               of               reformers               and               typically               short               circuit               electoral               and               popular               success.

This               simplification               cannot               be               applied               to               Upton               Sinclair,               popular               for               his               diatribes               against               industry               and               religion.

Sinclair,               the               author               of               such               liberal               works               as               The               Jungle               and               The               Brass               Check,               entered               the               realm               of               practical               application               in               1934               by               running               in               the               California               gubernatorial               race.

A               native               of               Maryland               and               raised               in               the               Northeast,               Sinclair               was               a               relative               newcomer               to               California               politics               when               he               decided               to               enter               the               race               and               implement               the               End               Poverty               in               California               (EPIC)               platform               within               his               nomination               as               Democratic               candidate.

Sinclair               dabbled               in               Socialism               within               his               writing               and               these               leanings               influenced               his               decision               to               help               solve               the               problems               in               the               world               around               him.

This,               however,               was               far               too               ambitious               an               idea               for               one               man               to               undertake               from               the               writer's               desk.

Sinclair               joined               the               race               for               governor               and               captivated               hundreds               of               thousands               over               a               short               period               of               time.

It               appeared               EPIC               would               be               the               solution               to               the               problems               of               the               Depression               in               California               and               hopefully,               according               to               Sinclair,               the               rest               of               the               nation.
               With               this               last               statement               in               mind,               what               reasons               could               explain               Sinclair's               loss?

More               importantly,               why               did               the               ideas               of               EPIC               die               such               a               quick               death               after               1934?

I               will               provide               these               answers               in               this               work,               by               using               contemporary               news               accounts,               biographies               of               Sinclair,               and               Sinclair's               own               literary               works.

Sinclair               did               indeed               fit               the               mold               for               the               intellectual               reformer:               he               was               an               unassuming,               frail               figure,               who               spoke               in               a               near               monotone               in               the               many               appearances               he               made.

His               tangible               limitations               were               no               reflection,               however,               upon               his               amazing               conviction               in               speaking               his               ideas               to               those               who               wanted               nothing               to               do               with               him.

Even               with               his               convictions               as               his               arsenal,               Sinclair               seemed               to               ignore               his               apparent               knowledge               of               politics               as               well               as               the               importance               of               the               balancing               his               own               celebrity               with               the               ideas               he               was               expounding.

His               failure               to               win               the               office               of               governor               was               due               to               his               naivety               in               political               matters               and               his               conciliation               in               electoral               matters.

It               was               not               Sinclair's               ego               that               caused               this,               but               his               inability               to               deal               with               politics               in               practice.
               The               Great               Depression               and               New               Deal:               Sowing               the               Seeds               of               Discontent
               Sinclair               and               the               EPIC               movement               certainly               did               not               occur               within               a               vacuum.

The               Great               Depression               was               at               its               full               stride               in               1934               when               Sinclair               made               his               brief               ascendancy               into               the               national               consciousness.

In               the               cities               of               the               United               States               there               was               a               failure               of               the               delicate               balance               between               local               sovereignty               and               federal               assistance               in               city               budgets.

Several               factors               played               into               this               failure,               but               mostly               it               was               because               of               the               issue               of               land               valuation               and               tax               delinquency.

The               land               assessments               were               decreasing               on               the               properties               within               the               Los               Angeles               municipal               district,               leading               to               decreased               property               taxes.

When               these               taxes               were               paid               in               full,               they               were               used               for               public               works               projects               as               well               as               public               education.

Budgets               in               Los               Angeles               and               San               Francisco,               among               other               large               cities               in               America,               reflected               these               problems               by               decreasing               services               and               funds               to               Californians.

These               problems               fit               into               the               larger               problems               of               unemployment               and               deflation               to               create               economic               sinkholes               in               the               American               landscape.
               While               the               cityscape               was               experiencing               problemes               in               underemployment               and               more               technical               issues               of               economy,               the               rural               sectors               of               California               and               the               United               States               experienced               a               unique               problem               within               a               larger               economic               depression.

Overproduction               of               crops               and               goods               from               those               crops               was               the               problem,               according               to               state               and               federal               government               experts.

This               explanation               seemed               counter               to               common               sense,               which               would               dictate               the               food               not               sold               during               a               depression               would               be               distributed               to               those               starving               in               cities               and               rural               areas.

The               farmers               produced               what               they               normally               produced               and               were               soon               left               with               rotting               crops               and               fields               full               of               uncultivated               product.

With               the               value               of               the               dollar               sinking               monthly               and               little               federal               assistance               at               first,               farmers               were               left               with               little               recourse               than               to               survive               and               persevere               like               so               many               rough               seasons               of               planting               in               the               past.
               These               divisions               of               rural               and               urban               economic               problems               were               not               new               to               the               Great               Depression.

The               rural               Northern               section               of               California               had               always               been               a               far               more               conservative               area               in               Californian               politics,               mostly               related               to               the               agrarian               sensibilities               of               bonanza               farmers               and               prospectors               in               Northern               California.

Southern               California               had               been               the               progressive,               metropolitan               area               of               the               state               as               Los               Angeles               came               to               be               identified               with               vast               urban               growth               and               sprawling               development               even               in               the               19th               century.

This               was               an               obvious               division               of               social               and               political               ideology               that               translated               into               party               affiliation.

The               conservative               North,               when               mobilized               to               vote               and               participate               in               electoral               politics,               largely               associated               with               the               Democratic               Party.

The               Republican               Party               had               some               conservative               elements               but               was               largely               the               breeding               ground               for               progressive               thinkers.

This               proved               to               be               the               prevalent               dynamic               in               Californian               politics               well               into               the               20th               century,               when               Republican               sentiments               turned               toward               business               interests,               much               as               their               Democratic               brethren               had               for               so               long.
               The               Democratic               Party               would               be               resurrected               in               1932               with               a               combination               of               economic               hard               times               and               reaction               to               idle               Republican               politicians,               leading               to               a               sweeping               victory               for               Democratic               politicians.

Franklin               Roosevelt               defeated               Herbert               Hoover               and               brought               with               him               a               willingness               to               experiment               during               a               time               of               extreme               hardship.

Democrats               now               enjoyed               a               significant               margin               for               error               in               the               house               (311-116)               and               the               Senate               (60-35).

The               identity               of               this               newly               active               party               would               rest               on               the               relationship               between               Roosevelt,               his               legislative               contemporaries,               and               the               vast               array               of               pseudo-politicians               and               amateurs               playing               to               the               success               of               a               new               reform               vehicle.

Upton               Sinclair               was               one               of               these               amateurs.
               Upton               Sinclair:               From               Moribund               to               "Firebrand"
               Sinclair               was               a               professional               dabbler               throughout               his               life,               going               in               and               out               of               politics,               writing,               activism,               and               journalism               up               until               his               death               in               1968.

Born               in               Baltimore,               Maryland,               on               September               20,               1878,               Sinclair               moved               to               New               York               at               age               ten               and               went               to               school               for               the               first               time.

His               accent,               demeanor,               and               intelligence               made               him               the               object               of               much               criticism               and               teasing               in               his               school               days.

He               graduated               in               1897               from               City               College               of               New               York               and               took               a               few               courses               at               Columbia               University,               but               soon               adjourned               himself               to               the               realm               of               literature.
               Sinclair's               first               novel               was               published               in               1900               and               began               a               prolific               career               in               writing.

His               early               books               were               largely               works               of               fiction               that               did               not               contain               the               social               commentary               of               his               later               studies.

The               direction               of               his               literary               career               soon               turned               toward               addressing               issues               of               the               working               class               after               working               as               a               journalist               and               satirist               for               several               papers               in               the               East,               as               well               as               publishing               serials               in               The               New               York               Times.

One               of               these               serials               would               be               published               as               The               Jungle               and               not               only               earn               him               notoreity               but               also               acted               as               a               means               toward               a               political               end:               Theodore               Roosevelt               would               push               for               food               safety               legislation               after               the               filth               of               the               stockyards               were               described               in               Sinclair's               work.
               Despite               this               early               success,               Sinclair               hardly               achieved               the               sustained               level               of               national               attention               that               The               Jungle               had               brought.

He               became               associated               with               the               Socialist               party               in               1904               and               his               writing               reflected               disillusionment               with               capitalism               in               America.

In               his               1907               work               "The               Industrial               Republic,"               Sinclair               envisioned               socialist               reform               in               America,               with               wealthy               editor               William               Randolph               Hearst               as               the               president               of               this               socialist               state.

Sinclair               did               not               see               a               way               to               succeed               with               such               reforms               within               the               current               political               system               and               felt               a               need               to               change               the               world.

He               became               depressed               at               times               in               his               life               and               felt               that               the               weight               of               the               world               was               on               his               shoulders;               only               through               socialism               and,               later,               commandeering               the               Democratic               Party               of               California,               would               Sinclair               feel               that               others               were               doing               the               work               he               endeavored               to               accomplish.
               With               Sinclair's               awareness               of               socialism               growing               out               of               his               studies               at               Columbia               University               and               in               private               research,               a               political               consciousness               grew               within               the               erstwhile               journalist.

Socialism               was               an               organized               ideology               that               seemed               to               explain               and               compliment               Sinclair's               own               sense               of               justice               and               equality.

While               writing               his               book               Manassas,               Sinclair               began               to               research               socialist               thought               and               wrote               to               Socialist               newspapers.

Socialism               was               an               ethos               that               could               make               the               writer               enthusiastic.

Sinclair               ran               several               times               for               public               office               in               New               Jersey               in               1906               and               1920,               as               well               as               in               California               in               1922,               1926,               and               1930               as               a               Socialist               candidate.

Never               did               he               poll               more               than               60,000               votes               in               any               one               election               and               it               seemed               that               Sinclair's               role               in               Socialist               politics               would               be               as               a               symbol,               a               popular               figure               that               would               come               to               be               a               spokesman               for               growing               discontent.

These               campaigns               of               symbolism               would               not               quench               the               thirst               for               social               justice               that               stirred               within               Upton               Sinclair               and               he               would               soon               endeavor               to               create               an               enduring               politics               of               self               reliance               and               equality.
               EPIC               and               the               New               Deal:               The               Unclear               Alternative
               Sinclair               brought               the               End               Poverty               in               California               movement               into               existence               as               a               means               to               transform               America's               economy               and               society.

The               origins               of               this               movement               are               contested               within               accounts               of               Sinclair's               campaign               but               it               is               noted               repeatedly               that               he               met               with               Democratic               Party               leaders               in               Santa               Monica               in               August               1933               to               discuss               how               to               win               election               and               install               a               renewed               policy               agenda.

Sinclair               suggested               a               program               based               on               a               basic               theory               of               how               American               society               could               go               about               solving               problems               of               the               Depression.

Party               leaders               were               intrigued               by               Sinclair's               ideas               and               needed               an               adequate               voice               for               such               an               ambitious               reform               plan.

Sinclair               stated               several               times               his               intention               not               to               run               for               public               office,               but               he               was               convinced               in               September               1933               to               become               a               member               of               the               Democratic               Party.

Sinclair               became               convinced               that               he               was               the               only               person               to               properly               carry               the               banner               of               EPIC               and               he               reluctantly               accepted               his               new               role               as               the               political               embodiment               of               the               new               movement.
               The               movement's               ideology               was               based               on               a               combination               of               pseudo-socialist               ideology               and               simplified               economic               practices               that               were               meant               to               create               a               new               American               environment.

Cooperative               movements               had               been               started               at               the               beginning               of               the               Depression               by               farmers               and               laborers               in               order               to               share               resources.

The               EPIC               movement               now               mobilized               these               cooperative               satellites               under               one               umbrella               organization               and               gave               life               to               the               theory               behind               cooperation               and               producing               for               the               usage               of               the               people,               and               not               for               the               profits               of               the               few.

EPIC               mobilized               the               individual               and               small               group               dynamics               of               local               politics               and               attempted               to               sweep               into               Sacramento.
               This               American               spirit,               as               Sinclair               saw               it,               was               based               on               three               tenets.

Sinclair               first               felt               that               at               the               core               of               all               the               troubles               produced               by               capitalism               and               the               Depression               was               the               denial               of               human               rights.

Laborers               and               farmers               were               tied               to               their               machines               and               implements,               but               saw               no               profits               from               their               work.

Subsequently,               these               laboring               masses               now               could               not               live               their               lives               or               be               happy               because               of               the               constant               pressure               of               their               credit               system               and               the               autocracy               of               capitalist               institutions.

AT               the               base               of               this               discontent,               Sinclair               felt               that               individuals               were               deprived               of               their               ability               to               engage               in               a               healthy               and               contented               lifestyle.
               The               next               facet               of               discontent               came               with               the               issues               of               industry               and               distribution.

Sinclair               and               many               EPIC               sympathizers               felt               that               the               Depression               was               caused               by               an               overabundance               of               resources,               not               a               lack,               and               by               the               inability               of               the               American               capitalist               structure               to               distribute               those               resources               properly               to               the               people.

Sinclair               was               amazed               by               the               fact               that               the               government               was               telling               farmers               to               burn               their               crops               and               dump               their               milk               while               thousands               upon               thousands               starved               in               the               streets               and               in               the               small               towns               of               America.

If               those               goods               were               properly               distributed               and               those               thousands               were               gainfully               employed,               the               problems               of               the               Depression               would               cease.

EPIC               sought               to               create               distribution               for               the               yields               of               finished               goods               and               resources               produced               by               current               capital               structures               as               well               as               a               means               to               not               only               employ               the               unemployed,               but               to               do               so               in               a               way               that               would               not               create               an               owner-employer               tension.
               The               final               layer               of               discontent,               and               the               one               that               Sinclair               seemed               to               have               felt               would               appeal               to               most               Americans,               was               the               reliance               of               all               of               his               ideas               on               the               doctrine               of               democracy.

The               individuals,               who               felt               disenfranchised               and               enslaved               by               their               employers,               were               to               rely               on               their               democratic               rights,               assemble,               speak               out,               and               sweep               these               harmful               elements               out               of               American               political               consciousness.

Sinclair               felt               strongly               that               all               of               these               ends               could               be               accomplished               through               the               system               that               existed,               a               reason               why               he               had               left               the               Socialist               party               to               join               the               Democrats.

The               EPIC               movement               would               reform               the               politics               and               economics               of               California               and,               in               doing               so,               would               transform               social               structures               within               the               state               and,               potentially,               the               nation.
               Specifically,               the               EPIC               plan               revolved               around               transforming               agriculture,               industry,               and               taxation.

Sinclair               laid               out               these               ideas               throughout               his               campaign               via               speeches,               pamphlets,               a               play               he               produced               called               Depression               Island,               and               in               his               various               appearances.

Sinclair's               first               major               idea               was               that               there               was               a               significant               amount               of               unused               land               in               the               state               of               California               and               that               this               was               counter               to               common               sense,               considering               the               thousands               unemployed               and               hungry               at               the               hands               of               the               Depression.

His               idea               was               to               place               a               prohibitive               tax               to               unused               land               in               order               to               force               landowners               to               either               seel               the               land               or               put               it               to               use.

Sinclair               planned               on               the               former,               and               thus               introduced               the               idea               of               having               the               government               pay               taxes               on               the               land               and               renting               the               property               to               farmers               who               could               not               afford               land               or               laborers               who               could               produce               for               their               use               and               the               usage               of               others.

Surplus               agricultural               yields               would               be               administered               through               the               government               to               those               who               were               not               capable               of               working               on               the               farms               and               other               surplus               goods               were               placed               on               the               markets.

Those               who               could               use               their               potential               labor               and               resources               to               become               self               sufficient               would               then               use               the               land.
               Sinclair               spread               this               production               for               use               idea               further               into               industrial               circles.

That               problem               that               existed               with               fallow               land               also               existed               with               the               issue               of               underused               factories.

Sinclair               stated               that               similar               to               the               agriculture               issue               in               stature,               the               factories               that               had               been               shut               down               by               the               Depression               should               be               reopened               and               put               to               use               by               those               who               could               produce               for               their               own               good.

Sinclair               also               sought               to               reform               their               industrial               structure               and               create               cooperative               relationships               between               industrial               executives,               factory               owners,               and               the               workers               themselves.

Considering               the               amount               of               unemployed               at               this               point               in               the               Depression,               Sinclair               foresaw               a               resurrection               of               industry               in               California               and               another               victory               for               the               self               sufficient               American               ideal               if               reforms               were               to               take               place.
               The               final               piece               of               reform               that               Sinclair               and               the               EPIC               movement               advocated               was               a               change               in               both               the               process               of               exchange               in               capitalism               and               reforming               the               tax               system.

Sinclair               wanted               to               repeal               the               sales               tax               that               became               prohibitive               for               the               poor               and               place               the               onus               of               economic               sustainability               on               the               wealthy               elites               by               introducing               a               graduated               income               tax.

This               would               provide               a               larger               amount               of               money               than               the               sales               tax               had,               as               well               as               bring               the               elites               closer               in               economics               and               class               to               the               rest               of               the               state.

Along               with               the               income               tax,               Sinclair               proposed               to               increase               the               inheritance               tax               and               heavily               tax               private               utilities               and               banks,               in               order               to               push               for               more               public               solutions               to               the               problems               of               energy               distribution               and               banking               problems.

Finally,               Sinclair               wanted               to               provide               pensions               for               widowers,               the               elderly,               and               those               who               were               not               physically               able               to               work               by               using               the               potentially               large               pool               of               tax               money.

This               would               protect               those               who               were               not               able               to               provide               for               themselves               while               still               allowing               the               "best               impulses"               of               Californians               to               take               hold               of               industry,               agriculture,               and               exchange.
               Having               studies               the               EPIC               plan               and               its               origins,               the               question               that               comes               about               is               how               this               particular               platform               differs               from               Roosevelt's               New               Deal               programs.

After               all,               the               New               Deal               created               several               similar               organizations               to               Sinclair's               reform               plan.

The               Civilian               Conservation               Corps               employed               young               men               to               do               conservation               and               construction               projects               throughout               the               nation,               similar               to               Sinclair's               program               of               creating               a               means               for               farmers               and               laborers               to               work               the               land               and               the               assembly               line.

The               National               Recovery               Administration,               though               complex               in               nature,               essentially               encourage               industry               to               correct               itself               with               codes               of               competition               and               other               agreements               between               organizations.

Though               Sinclair               was               formerly               a               Socialist,               he               did               not               believe               in               overthrowing               the               industrial               system               and               sought               equitable               solutions               to               the               problems               of               industry               and               competition               by               cooperative               agreements.

Roosevelt's               Federal               Emergency               Relief               Administration               distributed               funds               to               cities               and               states               for               the               unemployed.

This               was               quite               similar               to               Sinclair's               plan               to               distribute               pensions               and               provide               resources               to               the               unemployed               and               the               disabled.
               A               further               analysis               of               these               two               reform               systems               shows               four               distinct               differences               that               made               one               practical               and               one               that               many               deemed               quite               impractical.

First,               the               degrees               of               government               involvement               varied               greatly               between               the               New               Deal               and               EPIC.

In               the               New               Deal,               there               was               a               large               scale               bureaucratic               structure               in               order               to               enforce               the               administration's               program.

EPIC,               on               the               other               hand,               seemed               to               rely               less               on               bureaucracy               (which               seemed               to               be               a               symptom,               not               an               antidote)               and               more               on               the               democratic               spirit               of               each               individual.

Second,               while               the               New               Deal               seemed               to               be               less               flexible               in               terms               of               adjusting               to               the               times,               the               EPIC               program               was               only               a               strict               as               those               engaged               in               industry               and               agriculture               permitted.

Third,               as               a               result               of               the               previous               two               points,               it               is               obvious               that               Roosevelt's               plan               relied               on               governmental               paternalism               and               local               government               to               exercise               its               whim,               while               the               plans               of               Sinclairites               in               California               praised               the               ability               of               the               alienated               majority               to               pick               up               their               bootstraps               and               strengthen               the               economy               in               a               new               way.

Finally,               the               end               results               of               both               programs               were               quite               different.

Roosevelt               and               his               Brain               Trust               wanted               this               to               be               a               temporary               recovery               program               that               would               bring               back               prosperity               and               viability               to               the               economy,               Sinclair               wanteda               national               reform               of               the               economy               to               eliminate               the               possibility               of               going               into               depression               again.

These               two               programs               differed               vastly               and               its               apparent               why               the               New               Deal               was               more               palatable               to               the               public               than               EPIC.
               EPIC               and               Upton               Sinclair               defined               each               other               through               his               campaign               and               through               the               election               process.

Neither               would               have               existed               in               the               political               knowledge               of               the               voting               public               if               they               had               not               come               to               the               fore               together.

Sinclair               would               carry               an               arsenal               of               new               political               reforms               and               a               cast               of               thousands               in               order               to               fight               the               froces               of               the               old               guard               in               California.
               Sinclair               the               Candidate:               The               Unwilling               Politician
               Two               reasons               have               been               offered               as               to               Sinclair's               real               intentions               in               running               for               governor               of               California               in               1934.

One               reason,               and               the               one               that               seems               most               prevalent,               was               that               Sinclair               could               not               be               content               knowing               that               millions               would               go               starving               and               without               jobs               or               homes.

The               pressures               of               changing               the               world               that               had               beleagured               Sinclair               in               his               youth               continued               in               the               1930s               because               of               the               Depression.

He               claimed               that               while               he               had               no               personal               ambitions               in               running               for               office,               he               could               not               rest               or               be               comfortable               with               the               state               and               the               nation               in               its               current               state.

This               interpretation               places               Sinclair               as               a               sacrifice               to               the               ends               of               reforming               and               unjust               system.
               A               more               pragmatic               reason               for               Sinclair's               intention               was               that               the               Socialist               Party               and               all               of               its               local               components               were               losing               their               strength               since               the               end               of               World               War               II.

With               the               comparatively               radical               shift               that               the               Roosevelt               administration               took               with               New               Deal               legislation,               the               Socialists               were               now               without               many               of               the               ideological               elements               that               had               been               their               exclusive               territory               for               many               years.

Sinclair,               for               the               sake               of               practicality,               abandoned               the               sinking               ship               and               sought               to               take               a               more               moderate               and,               to               many,               a               more               sensible               approach               to               politics.

Socialists               and               Communists               alike               shared               in               a               newfound               discontent               with               one               of               the               left's               most               prominent               voices.
               As               the               California               Democratic               primary               approached               in               August               1934,               it               was               obvious               that               Sinclair's               candidacy               was               no               mere               educational               dalliance               nor               was               it               a               publicity               stunt.

Upton               Sinclair's               popularity               could               be               measured               in               several               ways:               250,000               copies               of               his               book,               "I,               Governor"               were               sold               as               the               literature               of               EPIC,               nearly               2,000               EPIC               clubs               had               been               organized               throughout               the               state,               and               Sinclair               had               been               able               to               organize               diverse               groups               such               as               students,               the               homeless,               and               those               who               had               been               disappointed               by               past               Democratic               overtures               into               a               cohesive               movement.

The               biggest               coup               for               Sinclair's               movement               was               his               voter               registration               drive,               which               amassed               tens               of               thousands               of               new               Democratic               voters               had               galvanized               those               who               were               uncertain               of               Sinclair's               intentions.

EPIC's               ideals               were               spread               by               word               of               mouth               and               literature               and               Sinclair               became               a               viable               candidate               over               the               span               of               a               few               months.

Sinclair               could               hardly               have               imagined               a               better               scenario               for               the               success               of               a               reform               movement.
               In               the               primary,               Sinclair               faced               a               long               list               of               Democratic               hopefuls               who               had               much               longer               tenures               of               service               to               the               party.

George               Creel,               head               of               the               NRA               in               California               and               a               Roosevelt               loyalist,               was               Sinclair's               greatest               rival               throughout               the               election               process.

Milton               Young               had               been               Democratic               nominee               for               governor               in               1930               and               sought               to               repeat               that               distinction               with               greater               results.

Justus               Wardell               was               a               prominent               Democratic               Party               activist               and               supported               Roosevelt.

It               seemed               that               more               pragmatic               Roosevelt               wing               of               the               party               would               rally               behind               one               of               these               major               candidates               in               order               to               sweep               out               the               radical               elements               that               Sinclair               encouraged.
               This               was               not               the               case.

Upton               Sinclair               received               436,000               primary               votes,               which               was               more               than               all               of               the               votes               for               other               candidates               combined.

The               party               had               split               amongst               several               of               the               moderate               candidates               and               was               not               able               to               put               down               the               Sinclair               political               revolution.

He               now               represented               what               had               once               been               a               conservative               party               that               had               no               sustained               success               within               the               state               for               its               entire               history.

EPIC               breathed               life               into               a               stagnant               institution               and               Sinclair               to               become               the               object               of               contention               and               praise.

Within               a               few               weeks,               the               Democratic               platform               convention               convened               and               after               some               dispute,               the               bulk               of               EPIC's               tenets               were               adopted               by               the               party               with               some               moderate               adjustments               to               land               use               and               production               policy.

EPIC               was               now               the               official               platform               of               the               California               Democrats.
               The               reactions               within               a               week               of               Sinclair's               success               within               the               party               were               caustic               and               would               be               sustained               through               Election               Day.

In               San               Francisco,               newspaper               claimed               that               the               only               reason               that               Sinclair               succeeded               was               that               discontent               ran               so               deep               with               the               current               government               that               experimentation               was               now               a               viable               option.

Los               Angeles,               where               EPIC               enjoyed               a               huge               following,               had               editorials               and               news               accounts               that               seemed               to               suggest               that               Sinclair               was               opening               the               floodgates               to               subversive               elements               that               would               seek               a               "complete               and               violent               revolution".

Sacramento               newspapers               condemned               both               Upton               Sinclair               as               a               "threat               to               fantastical               Sinclairism"               and               his               Republican               opponent,               Frank               Merriam,               as               continuing               his               "reactionary               rule".

Sinclair               faced               his               most               significant               challenge               to               his               candidacy,               though               by               far               not               the               only               challenge.

Sinclair               and               EPIC               would               go               through               a               rocky               two               months               leading               up               to               the               election.
               Aside               from               these               immediate               responses               to               the               Sinclair               candidacy,               newspapers               played               an               integral               role               in               the               movement               to               derail               the               novice               politician's               campaign.

The               epitome               of               this               media               opposition               was               Los               Angeles               Times               editor               Harry               Chandler,               who               used               his               influence               to               publish               many               stories               that               claimed               that               Sinclair               was               a               Communist,               an               atheist,               and               a               proponent               of               free               love.

Chandler               was               not               the               only               editor               to               do               such               things,               but               Sinclair               addressed               Chandler's               unethical               journalistic               approaches               with               humor               and               with               the               support               of               many               in               that               city.

The               major               point               of               contention               between               the               newspapers               and               Sinclair               was               a               book               he               had               written               talking               Catholicism               and               profit               called               The               Profits               of               Religion.

The               book               showed               generall               the               interrelation               between               religious               institutions               and               the               economy               and,               to               many,showed               Sinclair               to               be               at               best               a               hypocritical               Christian               and               at               worst               an               atheist.

Sinclair               attempted               many               times               to               claim               his               religious               deveotion               and               even               wrote               a               prayer               to               those               affected               by               the               Depression               that               was               published               in               The               Nation,               but               his               past               literary               experiences               proved               in               this               case               to               be               too               overwhelming               to               deny               with               a               series               of               press               statements.
               The               other               opposition               movement               within               the               media               that               materialized               in               1934               was               the               movie               industry.

Many               studio               executives               saw               any               success               by               Sinclair               and               EPIC               as               a               threat               to               the               movie               industry,               which               was               a               microcosm               of               the               excesses               of               the               1920s.

Sinclair               wanted               to               apply               the               same               standard               of               production               in               factories               and               farms               to               the               problems               of               the               movie               industry,               which               apparently               had               many               empty               and               unproductive               studios.

Sinclair               wanted               actors               and               film               workers               to               engage               in               production               for               use               by               making               films               at               the               expense               of               the               government.

This               was               anathema               to               the               film               industry's               mission               of               profitability               and               star-making.

Studio               executives               threatened               to               move               out               of               state               in               order               to               avoid               the               prohibitive               government               of               Sinclair               if               he               were               to               win               the               gubernatorial               eletion.

Sinclair               joked               that               a               proposed               move               by               Hollywood               to               Florida               would               result               in               many               actresses               suffering               from               maladies               like               mosquito               bites               and               moisture,               which               would               cause               films               to               be               delayed.

Film               makers               responded               to               such               quips               with               newsreels               showing               cleancut               and               well               dressed               Californians               praising               Merriam's               reelection,               while               suspicious               characters               with               moustaches               and               black               outfits               were               praising               the               Communist               intentions               of               Upton               Sinclair.

The               threat               of               reform               created               desperation               amongst               film               industry               insiders               and               produced               creative               but               slanderous               attempts               to               subvert               the               EPIC               movement.
               Prominenet               in               the               anti-Sinclair               movement               was               the               Republican               Party               machinery               as               well               as               the               conservative               and               moderate               branches               of               the               Democratic               Party,               which               sought               to               ensure               victories               in               the               future.

The               Republican               candidate,               the               aforementioned               Governor               Frank               Merriam,               was               the               quintessential               professional               politician.

Merriam               had               been               in               California               government               as               an               auditor,               leglislator,               lieutenant               governor,               and               governor.

He               sought               to               continue               the               dominance               of               the               Republican               Party.

His               aides               mobilized               conservative               support               by               using               a               professional               advertising               agency               to               streamline               their               assault               on               Sinclair               and               subsequently               managed               to               reel               in               a               significant               number               of               Democrats.

The               unofficial               strategy               of               many               Democratic               strategists               was               to               both               support               Merriam               in               the               hopes               of               party               success               in               1938               or               rally               around               George               Creel               and               seek               favor               of               the               Roosevelt               administration.

Anti-Sinclair               groups               sprang               forth               all               over               the               state               and               attempted               to               sway               many               of               Sinclair's               greatest               constituences.

For               example,               a               great               deal               of               actors               and               actresses               supported               Sinclair               but               the               studios               were               swayed               to               insist               that               all               talent               under               their               influence               would               donate               to               Merriam               or               be               fired.

This               pressure               was               applied               to               factory               workers               as               well               as               to               students               by               teachers               who               threatened               to               students               who               favored               Sinclair.

The               political               forces               of               California               seemed               to               be               aligned               against               the               success               of               EPIC               but               Sinclair               would               face               a               larger               challenge:               gaining               the               support               of               Franklin               Roosevelt               amidst               the               sweeping               success               of               his               administration's               policies.
               Upton               Sinclair               had               an               audience               with               Franklin               Roosevelt               on               September               5th,               1934,               under               the               auspices               of               a               conversation,               not               a               discussion               of               endorsements.

Roosevelt               and               Sinclair               met               a               Hyde               Park               and               had               a               two               hour               long               discussion               of               Sinclair's               ideas               and               pleasantries,               but               little               of               substance.

Roosevelt               and               his               administration               took               the               stance               late               in               the               summer               of               1934               that               they               would               not               endorse               specific               candidates               but               endorse               the               success               of               the               Democratic               Party               and               the               New               Deal               program.

Roosevelt               joked               with               Sinclair               about               having               read               the               book               The               Jungle               and               being               unable               to               eat               meat               following               that,               as               well               as               flattering               the               writer               by               saying               that               Roosevelt's               mother               had               read               that               book               to               young               Franklin               and               left               an               impression.

This               anecdote               exposed               Roosevelt's               trait               of               flattery               and               accomodation               to               guests.

Sinclair               found               Roosevelt               to               be               personable,               frank,               and               of               similar               mind               on               many               policy               issues.
               Following               the               election,               Sinclair               had               said               that               in               this               particular               conversation,               Roosevelt               had               promised               to               deliver               a               speech               on               production               for               use               at               the               end               of               October.

This               indirect               endorsemenet               of               Sinclair               might               have               proven               to               be               the               difference               in               the               election               results,               but               Roosevelt               and               his               aides               never               produced               such               a               speech.

National               Democratic               mainstays               like               Postmaster               Farley,               Harold               Ickes,               and               Harry               Hopkins               in               some               cases               came               out               for               Sinclair               for               governor,               but               always               had               to               fend               off               charges               of               being               Socialist               and               supporting               subversion.

Roosevelt               wanted               to               keep               Sinclair               friendly               but               at               bay,               fearing               the               threat               of               Father               Coughlin               and               Huey               Long               in               nationao               politics.

The               high               level               of               support               for               Roosevelt               and               his               popular               New               Deal               legislation               would               not               be               put               behind               Upton               Sinclair               and               EPIC.
               Several               final               obstacles               confronted               Sinclair's               candidacy               in               its               final               weeks.

First,               Sinclair               made               comments               to               Harold               Ickes               that               if               he               were               to               be               elected,               that               a               flood               of               the               unemployed               from               throughout               the               nation               would               enter               California               to               participate               in               EPIC               programs.

While               Sinclair               considered               this               to               be               a               joke,               many               thought               this               to               be               an               alarming               prophecy               of               events               to               come.

Indeed,               thousands               of               homeless               did               enter               the               state               under               the               misapprehension               that               Sinclair               had               been               elected               or               that               he               was               going               to               be               elected.

Merriam               had               policemen               check               caravans               and               Sinclair               supporters'               vehicles               for               migrant               workers               following               these               remarks.

Sinclair               shot               from               the               hip               at               times               and               did               not               seem               to               worry               about               the               weight               of               these               statements,               past               or               present.
               Another               obstacle               was               the               continuing               pressure               applied               to               Sinclair               to               drop               out               of               the               campaign.

Two               schools               of               thought               impressed               upon               the               candidate               the               importance               of               this               election               and               the               triviality               of               his               candidacy.

One               group               of               political               activists               sought               to               force               Sinclair               out               of               the               race               so               that               Merriam               would               win               a               definiteve               victory               and               push               out               the               elements               of               leftist               thought               and               revolutionary               rhetoric.

Another               group               wanted               moderate               and               liberal               ideas               to               prevail               and               their               was               to               have               Sinclair               drop               out               and               support               independent               candidate               Raymond               Haight,               a               former               Republican               who               left               the               party               to               advocate               for               a               moderate               economic               program.

Sinclair               held               steadfast               to               the               integrity               of               his               candidacy               and               thought               that               Haight               should               drop               out               of               the               race               and               support               EPIC               in               order               to               ensure               reform.

Sinclair               would               have               none               of               these               attempts               to               get               him               out               of               the               race               and               Haight               was               equal               to               the               fortitude               of               Sinclair,               drawing               the               battle               lines               for               the               end               of               the               campaign.
               The               final               obstacle               was               the               result               of               a               poll               by               Literary               Digest               that               suggested               Merriam               was               going               to               win               an               overwhelming               victory               in               the               November               election.

The               poll               indicated               Merriam               would               receive               about               65               percent               of               the               vote,               while               Sinclair               would               receive               25               percent,               and               the               remaining               vote               going               to               Haight.

Sinclair's               aides               claimed               that               Merriam's               campaign               bought               thousands               of               ballots               from               the               magazine               and               gave               them               to               local               Republican               and               conservative               Democratic               clubs               to               distribute               to               constituents.

The               Sinclair               campaign               attempted               to               get               this               news               out               in               his               periodicals               and               in               discussions               to               the               media               but               the               damage               seemed               to               have               been               done.

Those               on               the               verge               of               voting               for               Sinclair               were               pushed               over               to               Merriam               or               to               no               vote               at               all               because               they               saw               these               results               as               a               fair               assessment               of               the               electoral               math.
               The               election               of               November               6th,               1934,               proved               to               be               much               closer               than               many               people               had               anticipated.

Sinclair               received               879,537               votes               to               Merriam's               1,138,620               and               Haight's               302,               519               votes.

This               result               allowed               the               theory               among               Sinclair               supporters               that               if               Haight               had               dropped               from               the               race,               Sinclair               would               have               received               enough               of               his               supporters               to               win               the               election.

This               presupposes               that               Haight's               more               moderate               followers               would               have               accepted               Sinclair               as               a               viable               alternative               to               Merriam.

Nonetheless,               Merriam               won               the               election               after               well               organized               and               well               funded               publicity               campaign               against               Sinclair.

Rarely               did               Merriam               ever               address               specific               policy               issues               or               create               a               platform               for               himself.

Against               this               strong               tide               of               incumbency,               Upton               Sinclair               could               not               escape               and               seemed               to               accept               this               fate               all               too               easily.

While               saying               that               he               would               mobilize               his               supporters               to               attempt               a               recall               election               against               Merriam               and               legal               action               was               brought               for               vote               tampering,               Sinclair               was               torn               between               his               own               aspirations               and               the               fate               of               the               reform               movement.

He               would               never               again               run               for               public               office,               leaving               EPIC               a               shell               of               its               former               self.
               EPIC               would               not               live               beyond               1936,               which               Sinclair               predicted               would               be               the               year               that               the               movement               would               sweep               the               American               West.

EPIC               candidates               once               again               suffered               defeat               in               California               and               the               End               Poverty               in               California               campaign               withered               away               without               its               mobilizing               figure.

Bickering               over               the               future               of               reform               in               the               state               and               the               structure               of               EPIC,               members               of               the               movement               turned               away               from               radical               ideas               and               were               absorbed               into               the               national               Democratic               Party.
               Upton               Sinclair               returned               to               the               writer's               desk               to               continue               his               prolific               writing               career               until               his               death               in               1968.

His               first               book               following               the               election               was               I,               Candidate               for               Governor,               and               how               I               got               licked,               which               detailed               all               of               the               specific               events               that               took               palce               in               the               campaign.

Sinclair               had               predicted               many               of               his               ideas               would               be               taken               in               by               local,               state,               and               national               figures               and               would               be               used               to               win               elections               in               the               future.

Indeed,               Frank               Merriam               himself               adopted               some               of               the               tax               and               pension               measures               as               a               means               of               temporary               relief.

Franklin               Roosevelt               and               his               aides               adopted               the               idea               for               an               increased               inheritance               tax               as               well               as               graduated               income               and               corporate               taxes               in               order               to               generate               revenue               for               New               Deal               programs.

Sinclair               was               influential               without               having               won               an               election,               creating               discourse               of               new               ideas               that               woudl               be               adopted               by               both               opponents               and               allies               in               the               years               following               1934.

In               Literary               Digest,               the               same               magazine               that               had               seemingly               contributed               to               Sinclair's               loss,               came               out               with               a               list               of               the               most               influential               people               in               the               world               of               1934.

The               list               contained               Roosevelt,               Hitler,               Mussolini,               and               Upton               Sinclair.
               Upton               Sinclair               lost               the               election               of               1934               because,               while               he               felt               drawn               to               service               to               his               fellow               man,               he               was               not               cut               out               to               be               a               politician.

After               being               misquoted               and               criticized               on               many               occasions,               Sinclair               refused               to               talk               to               the               media               directly,               relying               on               intermediaries               and               written               interviews.

He               did               not               watch               what               he               said               on               many               occasions               and               while               he               responsed               in               many               ways               to               his               literary               past,               he               did               not               seem               cognizant               of               the               totality               in               which               people               were               reading               his               works               and               looking               for               ways               to               knock               him               down.

He               maintained               his               integrity               and               his               stubborn               sense               that               he               was               doing               the               right               thing,               but               in               doing               so,               he               was               ill-suited               to               be               a               major               party               candidate               and               sacrificed               the               good               of               the               reform               movement               for               the               good               of               his               own               pride               and               returned               happily               to               the               writer's               desk.
               Sinclair               doomed               himself               to               failure               by               not               being               flexible               and               remaining               aloof               and               stoic               in               his               presentation               and               political               stances.

The               writer,               activist,               and               failed               politician               Sinclair               signifies               the               problem               of               intellectuals               in               politics.

The               pride               of               the               intelligentsia               to               be               right               and               to               be               consistent               forces               its               members               into               a               corner               that               punishes               them               for               not               being               empathetic               to               the               public               or               capable               of               communicating               ideas               to               the               general               public               in               the               vernacular               without               appearing               smug.

Upton               Sinclair               lost               an               election               that               seemed               to               be               in               his               pocket,               creating               a               brilliant               failure               for               another               reform               movement               and               for               an               intellectual               who               misdirected               his               intellectual               capabilities.






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    6. carmeloruiz.blogspot.com/   09/15/2005
      ...Study authors also addressed chronic exposure to ...." A piece of legislation that would reduce...in foods as safe, stating: "there's no evidence that...
    7. garejoyce.blogspot.com/   08/31/2008
      ...like they stepped out of a catalogue. Yet... below Connors State when it comes to baseball... to major four-year universities, while Redlands has...
    8. ibloga.blogspot.com/   01/15/2012
      ...But here in Reagan-land? As it happens, Ronald Reagan himself -- but of course -- long ago addressed just this issue. On December 16, 1976, barely over a month after Gerald Ford...
    9. talesofthenewworld.blogspot.com/   03/15/2011
      ...Windsor with Woodbridge's second church. The English parish never took root and the state, in the form of the General Court, gave up trying to impose a single church for each township...
    10. zengersmag.blogspot.com/   07/29/2007
      ...science, really turned out to be valuable, because I was familiar with the state of affairs, that actually science proceeds by trial and error. From my ...
    11. Address Of Florida State University - Blog Homepage Results

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